Author: saqibkhan

A factor in R is a specific data type that accepts categories (aka levels) from a predefined set of possible values. These categories look like characters, but under the hood, they are stored as integers. Often, such categories have an intrinsic order. For example, a column in a data frame that contains the options of…

1. By using the select() function of the dplyr package of the tidyverse collection. The name of each column to delete is passed in with a minus sign before it: If, instead, we have too many columns to delete, it makes more sense to keep the rest of the columns rather than delete the columns in interest. In this…

Output: Output: Output: In each of the three cases, we can assign a single value or a vector or calculate the new column based on the existing columns of that data frame or other data frames.

1. From one or more vectors of the same length—by using the data.frame() function: 2. From a matrix—by using the data.frame() function: 3. From a list of vectors of the same length—by using the data.frame() function: 4. From other data frames:

An R package is a collection of functions, code, data, and documentation, representing an extension of the R programming language and designed for solving specific kinds of tasks. R comes with a bunch of preinstalled packages, and other packages can be installed by users from repositories. The most popular centralized repository storing thousands of various…

The base R provides essential functions for importing data: In practice, any of these functions can be used to import tabular data with any kind of field and decimal separators: using them for the specified formats of files is only the question of convention and default settings. For example, here is the syntax of the…

There are a few data types in R, including: 

R is a programming language and environment widely used for solving data science problems and particularly designed for statistical computing and data visualization. Its main characteristics include: