Author: saqibkhan

There are three groups of control statements in R: conditional statements, loop statements, and jump statements. Conditional statements: Loop statements: Jump statements:

While all these functions allow iterating over a data structure without using loops and perform the same operation on each element of it, they are different in terms of the type of input and output and the function they perform.

The switch() function in R is a multiway branch control statement that evaluates an expression against items of a list. It has the following syntax: The expression passed to the switch() function can evaluate to either a number or a character string, and depending on this, the function behavior is different. 1. If the expression evaluates to a number,…

To parse a date from its string representation in R, we should use the lubridate package of the tidyverse collection. This package offers various functions for parsing a string and extracting the standard date from it based on the initial date pattern in that string. These functions are ymd(), ymd_hm(), ymd_hms(), dmy(), dmy_hm(), dmy_hms(), mdy(), mdy_hm(), mdy_hms(), etc., where y, m, d, h, m, and s…

1. Using the transform() and ifelse() functions of the base R: Output: 2. Using the with() and ifelse() functions of the base R: Output: 3. Using the apply() function of the base R: Output: 4. Using the mutate() function of the dplyr package and the ifelse() function of the base R: Output:

The subset() function in R is used for extracting rows and columns from a data frame or a matrix, or elements from a vector, based on certain conditions, e.g.: subset(my_vector, my_vector > 10). Instead, the sample() function in R can be applied only to vectors. It extracts a random sample of the predefined size from the elements of a vector,…

The str() function returns the structure of an R object and the overall information about it, the exact contents of which depend on the data structure of that object. For example, for a vector, it returns the data type of its items, the range of item indices, and the item values (or several first values, if the…

The next statement is used to skip a particular iteration and jump to the next one if a certain condition is met. The break statement is used to stop and exit the loop at a particular iteration if a certain condition is met. When used in one of the inner loops of a nested loop, this statement exits only…

If we try to perform some operation on two R vectors with different lengths, the R interpreter detects under the hood the shorter one, recycles its items in the same order until the lengths of the two vectors match, and only then performs the necessary operation on these vectors. Before starting vector recycling, though, the…

Being data visualization one of the strong sides of the R programming languages, we can create all types of data plots in R: The skill track Data Visualization with R will help you broaden your horizons in the field of R graphics. If you prefer to learn data visualization in R in a broader context, explore a…