Author: saqibkhan

The str() function returns the structure of an R object and the overall information about it, the exact contents of which depend on the data structure of that object. For example, for a vector, it returns the data type of its items, the range of item indices, and the item values (or several first values, if the…

The next statement is used to skip a particular iteration and jump to the next one if a certain condition is met. The break statement is used to stop and exit the loop at a particular iteration if a certain condition is met. When used in one of the inner loops of a nested loop, this statement exits only…

If we try to perform some operation on two R vectors with different lengths, the R interpreter detects under the hood the shorter one, recycles its items in the same order until the lengths of the two vectors match, and only then performs the necessary operation on these vectors. Before starting vector recycling, though, the…

Being data visualization one of the strong sides of the R programming languages, we can create all types of data plots in R: The skill track Data Visualization with R will help you broaden your horizons in the field of R graphics. If you prefer to learn data visualization in R in a broader context, explore a…

We can chain several operations in R by using the pipe operator (%>%) provided by the tidyverse collection. Using this operator allows creating a pipeline of functions where the output of the first function is passed as the input into the second function and so on, until the pipeline ends. This eliminates the need for…

We can transpose a data frame or a matrix in R so that the columns become the rows and vice versa. For this purpose, we need to use the t() function of the base R. For example: Output:

We can concatenate two or more strings in R by using the paste() or cat() functions. The first approach is more popular. Both functions take in any number of strings to be concatenated and can also take in an optional parameter sep (along with some other optional parameters)—a character or a sequence of characters that will separate attached strings in the…

1. Using the cbind() function—only if the data frames have the same number of rows, and the records are the same and in the same order: 2. Using the rbind() function to combine the data frames vertically—only if they have an equal number of identically named columns of the same data type and appearing in the same order: 3.…

To aggregate data in R, we use the aggregate() function. This function has the following essential parameters, in this order:

1. For loop—iterates over a sequence the number of times equal to its length (unless the statements break and/or next are used) and performs the same set of operations on each item of that sequence. This is the most common type of loops. The syntax of a for loop in R is the following: 2. While loop—performs the same set of…