- Photon Absorption and Emission: Electrons can absorb photons (light particles) and move to higher energy levels, or emit photons and drop to lower energy levels. This process is responsible for atomic spectra, which consist of discrete lines corresponding to these energy transitions.
- Photoelectric Effect: In the photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from a material when it is exposed to light of a certain frequency. This phenomenon was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 and provided crucial evidence for quantum theory.
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