- Electron Shells: Electrons are arranged in discrete energy levels or “shells” around the nucleus. The distribution of electrons in these shells determines an atom’s chemical properties and reactivity. For example, the valence electrons in the outermost shell are crucial for chemical bonding.
- Electron Configuration: The arrangement of electrons in an atom is described by electron configuration, which follows principles such as the Aufbau principle (electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first) and Hund’s rule (electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing).
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