Werner Heisenberg (1925): Heisenberg introduced matrix mechanics and the Uncertainty Principle, which stated that the exact position and momentum of an electron cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision. This principle challenged classical physics and laid the foundation for quantum mechanics.
Erwin Schrödinger (1926): Schrödinger developed the wave equation, describing how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time. His work provided a wave-based description of electron behavior, leading to the concept of electron orbitals rather than fixed paths.
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